This video, from CELA member Erin Pulaski, provides legal information about receiving paid time off if you need to care for a loved one experiencing symptoms of the new coronavirus.
To help workers struggling during the COVID-19 crisis, the California Employment Lawyers Association (CELA) is creating a series of videos explaining workplace rights and resources. We want California residents to understand their options.
Erin Pulaski has been consistently recognized for her advocacy on behalf of employees and executives. From 2015 to 2019, she was named one of the Top Women Attorneys in Northern California by San Francisco Magazine and recognized as a Super Lawyers “Rising Star” (a distinction given to no more than 2.5% of lawyers in the state). She has achieved the highest possible rating of “Superb” on Avvo.
Erin represents employees and executives in all aspects of employment litigation, including wrongful termination, discrimination, retaliation, harassment, wage and hour, and unpaid commission claims. She represents clients in both state and federal court, in arbitration, and through trial and appeals. She also handles confidential prelitigation negotiations on behalf of clients. Read more: https://rezlaw.com/erin-pulaski/
To help workers struggling during the COVID-19 crisis, the California Employment Lawyers Association (CELA) is creating a series of videos explaining workplace rights and resources. We want California residents to understand their options. This video, from CELA member Nina Baumler, provides legal information about parental rights in relation to school closures during this emergency.
Originally from England, Nina Baumler is a wage and hour attorney in Los Angeles, California. In her solo practice, Ms. Baumler represents low-wage workers in some of the most vulnerable sectors of the workforce, including car-wash workers, janitors, caregivers, restaurant workers, security guards, truck drivers and other low-wage economies. Ms. Baumler regularly co-counsels with non-profit organizations in wage and hour and fraudulent transfer/successor liability cases and is an advisory board member of The Wage Justice Center.
By Andy Katz.UPDATED: March 27, 2020 with more details on new unemployment insurance benefits (incl. from the federal stimulus bill); health insurance for furloughed or laid off workers; tax credits; which jobs are deemed essential; and more.
As COVID-19 spreads, many workers are considering how to protect themselves and their families – while worrying about their work and budgets.
The
California Department of Public Health had previously issued “social
distancing” recommendations and other guidance to protect public health, urging
vulnerable populations including people who are 65 years or older, in addition
to people with certain health conditions such as heart disease, lung disease,
diabetes, kidney disease, and weakened immune systems. Several County
Public Health Departments, including Alameda,
Contra
Costa, San
Francisco, San Mateo, Santa
Clara, Santa
Cruz, and Sonoma
Counties also include people who are 60 years or older within vulnerable
populations. A UCSF
Expert Panel advised: “Anyone over 60 stay at home unless it’s critical.”
Assessment of what workers should do to be safe, and the role they could
play in helping slow the spread of the virus is beyond the scope of an article
about legal rights. However, it is clear from recent advisories that workers
have legitimate reasons for concern. Many people want to heed the call of
public-health experts to stay home out of concern for the heightened risk of
severe complications for vulnerable populations. Understanding how current laws
may protect them is critical information to have as workers weigh these
important decisions and advocate with their employers for what they need. This
post provides an overview of where workers stand as of today, bearing in mind
that many advocacy groups, including CELA
(California Employment Lawyers Association) and its national counterpart, NELA, are pressing Congress and the California
legislature to offer even more protection and much-needed relief to California
workers as they try to make the choices that are best for themselves, their
families, and society at large. Read on for important answers to frequently
asked questions about California workers’ rights in the time of COVID-19.
I’M LOSING WAGES. WHAT WILL HELP?
California Workers Can Apply for Wage Replacement for Disability and
Reduced Work Hours
Two state-run programs are available for employees in need of wage
replacement during a “Shelter in Place” order, and to support
social distancing for their health and safety – Unemployment Insurance (UI) and
State
Disability Insurance (SDI), both administered by the Employment Development
Department (EDD). Governor Newsom’s Executive
Order waived the usual one-week waiting period for people who are
unemployed and/or disabled as a result of COVID-19.
If an employer closes the workplace due to COVID-19, including as a
result of a “Shelter in Place” order, and doesn’t pay or only partially pays
its employees, workers can apply for Unemployment Insurance (UI) or, if
eligible, SDI. Unemployment Insurance benefits cover approximately 50
percent of wages, up to a maximum of $450 per week, which is taxable. The Federal CARES Act
adds $600 to each weekly benefit check, extends the maximum weeks of UI
benefits from 26 weeks to 39 weeks, and allows retroactive payment of benefits
for income loss beginning January 27, 2020.
The Act also provides advance payments of a tax credit to taxpayers of
$1,200 per adult plus $500 per child. These
tax credits phase out for individuals earning $75,000 – $99,000 or couples
earning $150,000 – $198,000.
State Disability Insurance eligibility defines disability to include any
illness or injury preventing regular or customary work. Benefits cover
60-70 percent of wages up to a maximum of $1,300 per week for up to 52 weeks,
and are tax-exempt. A worker must be unable to work for at least eight days,
and must submit medical certification by a health practitioner prior to
issuance of benefits. Electronic certification options are available for health
practitioners. Applications may be
submitted within 49 days of the first date they had to stop working because of
disability.
While the EDD hasn’t yet confirmed that applications citing only age-related
vulnerabilities will be approved, they have confirmed that people who cannot
work due to “having
or being exposed” to COVID-19, if certified by a medical professional, can
file a Disability Insurance claim.
Older workers who are in an age-defined vulnerable population and
who obtain medical certification of their age-related condition as an “illness”
may also be eligible for disability benefits, although there is no
certain answer to this question yet. When doctors or other healthcare providers
are filling in the disability forms, they should consider using “R54,” the
International Classification of Diseases code for “age-related
physical debility” when there isn’t a more specific condition.
EDD also administers Paid Family
Leave (PFL) benefits, allowing up to six weeks of PFL at the SDI rate to
Californians who are unable to work because they are caring for an ill or
quarantined family member with COVID-19, if certified by a medical
professional.
WHAT IF I’M LOSING MY HEALTH INSURANCE DUE TO BEING FURLOUGHED OR LAID OFF?
The Federal
and California
COBRA laws require employers with at least two employees to offer continuation
of the employer-sponsored health plan for up to 36 months at the same monthly
rate the employer paid for the premium.
Laid off employees can also choose to enroll in a health plan offered
through Covered California, where
subsidies available under the Affordable Care Act may offer less expensive
coverage than the employer’s COBRA plan.
The Special Enrollment Period to enroll in a plan through Covered
California lasts 60 days from losing job-based coverage. Due to the emergency, special
enrollment is open for all Californians until June 30, 2020.
WHAT IF MY CHILD’S SCHOOL IS CLOSED
BECAUSE OF CORONAVIRUS?
Federal Response, California School Emergency Leave and Unemployment
Benefits May Help Some Workers
If you miss work to care for your child after their school closes, you may
be eligible for Unemployment Insurance. The Employment Development Department
is handling school closure applications on a case-by-case basis, and
encouraging claims for partial benefits where the employer is allowing reduced
hours, but has not yet clarified whether the usual requirements of being
available for work will be waived where the employer does not allow reduced
hours. Employees should apply right away since the usual 7-day waiting period
for benefits has been waived due to COVID-19.
Once the ‘Families
First’ Coronavirus Response Act goes into effect April 1, employees who
have worked for a covered employer more than 30 days will be eligible for
twelve weeks of leave, paid at two-thirds of regular pay, up to a maximum of
$200 per day or $10,000 total.
Also, under California’s
Labor Code, employers with 25 or more employees working at the same
location must allow employees to take up to 40 hours of leave per year to
address an emergency at a child’s day care or school. However, an employee must
still notify the employer in advance.
WHAT IF I GET SICK, OR I NEED TO CARE FOR
FAMILY?
State and Local Sick or Medical Leave Laws Offer Protection
Employees who are sick can take accrued paid sick days. How many sick days
are available depends on employer policies, although California requires
employers to provide minimally three days of paid sick leave and some cities
require even more. Employees who work for employers of 50 or more people have
more rights and may be eligible for up to twelve weeks of unpaid time off.
Employees sent home but are asked to work must be compensated for that work
without loss of sick leave.
For people who work for an employer with at least 50 employees within 75
miles of their worksite, California law requires employers to provide twelve
weeks of job-protected leave each year under the Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
or the California
Family Rights Act (CFRA) for a “serious health condition” of the employee
or a member of their family. To qualify for this leave, the employee must have
worked for the employer for at least one year total during their lifetime and
have worked at least 1,250 hours in the last calendar year. So, if an employee
or family member contracts COVID-19, they are likely to be protected by the
medical leave laws. These laws may also protect individuals with compromised
immune systems if a doctor takes them off work because they or a family member
suffer from a chronic condition.
It’s important to understand that FMLA and CFRA leave is unpaid
(although State
Disability Insurance may be available).
California’s Disability Rights Law Provides for Reasonable
Accommodation
The law requires employers to consider offering work-from-home or medical
leaves of absence as a reasonable accommodation under the California Fair
Employment and Housing Act (FEHA) for people who qualify as having a
disability under the law. This is a case-by-case analysis, but employees with
compromised immune systems or who are medically at risk should assert their
rights and request the accommodations they need to remain safe.
California employers with at least 5 employees are required to
provide reasonable accommodations, unless they are able to meet a very
high standard to prove that doing so would cause an undue hardship.
Legal Aid at Work has a very helpful guide on how
to request a reasonable accommodation. The best practice is to
submit written documentation of the disability and the need for the
accommodation, including a doctor’s note. If that’s not possible given the
impacted healthcare system, employees can explain their need for accommodations
to their employer and refer to publicly-available information to justify the
need for reasonable accommodation.
The extraordinary conditions and risks of COVID-19 will broaden the range of
employees who qualify for reasonable accommodations under FEHA. Disability
under FEHA is broadly construed to mean a physical disability, including a
condition that affects the immunological system and limits a major life
activity. The law already recognizes that “major life activities” include
interacting with others, working, and major functions of the immune
system. There is an exception that refers to the common cold and common
flu, but there is nothing common about COVID-19, so that exception should not
apply.
The goal of reasonable accommodations is to keep the employee working (and
earning a paycheck). So the first possibility to consider is telecommuting. Telecommuting
is a reasonable accommodation where it allows the employee to continue to
perform the essential functions of their job. For employees who can
work via computer, video-conferencing and phone, this is an ideal choice.
Employers can refuse this accommodation if letting the employee telecommute
imposes an undue hardship on the employer’s operations.
If a job cannot be done remotely, a last-resort accommodation is a leave of
absence, which is an
option under the law where “the leave is likely to be effective in allowing
the employee to return to work at the end of the leave, with or without further
reasonable accommodation, and does not create an undue hardship for the
employer.”
Employers cannot have blanket policies refusing telecommuting or medical
leaves (or any other possible accommodation). Instead, employers must engage
in a good faith interactive process to find an effective reasonable
accommodation.
Discrimination or retaliation against a person with a disability,
including disciplining them, treating them differently than other workers or
terminating them is prohibitedunder
California law. This protection extends to people who the employer assumes
or “regards” as a person with a disability. While employers can require medical
documentation of a disability and the employee’s limitations, they cannot force
employees to disclose a specific health condition or disability.
WHAT IF SOMEONE I LIVE WITH IS VULNERABLE
TO COVID-19?
The California
Family Rights Act (CFRA), discussed above, requires twelve weeks of
job-protected leave for covered employees caring for a “serious health
condition” of a family member. Up to six weeks of Paid Family
Leave (PFL) benefits are available through the EDD.
Employees are also protected under the California Fair
Employment and Housing Act (FEHA) from discrimination or
retaliation, such as harassment or wrongful termination, due to a known
relationship or association with someone with a known disability. This
includes making a request for a reasonable accommodation, whether that request
is granted or not. While no court has ruled yet on the specific issue of
whether an employer must grant an accommodation based on a family member’s
disability, one
Appellate Court considering this issue discussed the
possibility that the law “may reasonably be interpreted to require
accommodation based on the employee’s association with a physically disabled
person.”
It is highly recommended to review this type of complex situation with an
attorney familiar with employment law.
WHAT IF I AM OR COULD BE EXPOSED TO
COVID-19 IN MY WORKPLACE?
Employer Illness and Injury Prevention Programs
In furtherance of its mission to ensure safe workplaces and enforcing
requirements for all employers to have an Injury and Illness Prevention
Program, Cal/OSHA has issued Interim Guidelines for General
Industry and other specific industries, like childcare providers and
health-care workers, from COVID-19. These guidelines include actively
encouraging sick employees to stay home, sending employees with acute
respiratory symptoms home immediately, and preparing an outbreak response plan
in the event of an outbreak.
State disability and medical privacy laws generally prevent an employer from
asking an employee about their medical conditions. However, employers can ask for a medical
examination or about disability issues if there is a reasonable belief, based
on objective evidence, that an employee’s ability to perform essential job
functions will be impaired by a medical condition, or that a medical condition
will pose a direct threat. For example,
if an employee confirms to an employer they have COVID-19, the employer should identify
everyone the infected employee was in contact with during the CDC-identified
14-day period, notify the identified individuals of possible exposure, and
could consider sending the exposed employees home for 14 days. Employers may not disclose the names or personal information of the employee
who tested positive.
For an employee who is concerned about workplace safety,
“internal” whistle-blowing is a protected activity when a
complaint is made to a manager that identifies facts that could violate
Cal/OSHA requirements. For more serious situations, formal complaints can be filed
with Cal/OSHA, and written documentation could assist if the employer
disputes that internal whistle-blowing occurred.
An employee may also refuse to perform work that would result in a Cal/OSHA
violation that creates a real and apparent hazard to the
employee or their coworkers, and may seek back pay for lost wages. More information on workplace safety standards
is available from WorkSafe,
a nonprofit research and advocacy organization.
These situations are complex, and consultation with an
attorney is highly recommended, because an employer can take the position that
an undocumented failure to go to work is a non-retaliatory business reason
to terminate employment.
IS MY JOB REALLY ESSENTIAL?
The State
Public Health Officer has issued a list of “Essential Critical Infrastructure Workers.”
Disability accommodation and workplace safety requirements still apply when
performing essential work. Determinations
of which precise businesses and functions are deemed “essential” are made by
the California Department of Public Health and County Health Officers, and in
some cases local police departments have closed non-essential workplaces.
Worker’s Compensation
Employers are responsible to provide compensation through the worker’s
compensation system for injuries arising in the course of employment.
An injured worker who was exposed to and contracted COVID-19 at or
through their work can make a claim by completing DWC1 form
and sending it to their employer.
Any workplace exposure must be a significant contributing factor to an
employee’s injury for a claim to be compensable. Employers frequently dispute
whether an injury is work-related. Those disputes are typically resolved by the
Worker’s Compensation Appeals Board based on the medical report of a Panel
Qualified Medical Examiner appointed by the Division of Worker’s Compensation,
likely a specialist in Immunology or Internal Medicine.
If the claim is approved, benefits include temporary disability wage
replacement, medical care, and compensation for permanent impairment.
Unfortunately, misclassified independent contractors who are employees under
the new “ABC
Test” of AB 5 (2019) are not eligible for worker’s compensation until July
1, 2020.
More Protections Needed During this Public Health Emergency
Additional protections are needed during this public health emergency.
California Governor Gavin Newsom, members of the California Legislature, and
the United States Congress have announced plans to introduce legislation that
may further protect workers subject to an isolation or quarantine order by a
health official from discrimination or retaliation, or offer better wage
replacement for people who are in quarantine or caring for family members.
Stay tuned to this post for ongoing updates.
Andy Katz is the principal of Law Offices of Andy Katz, fighting for workers' rights, consumers, and environmental protection. His law practice focuses on workplace discrimination and retaliation, wage theft, workers’ compensation, and health and disability insurance denials. He previously advocated for public health issues before the California legislature. He is a member of the California Employment Lawyers Association (CELA).
Web: www.andykatzlaw.com
Worries about job security and
remaining healthy at work are heightened for pregnant moms and new parents during
the COVID-19 pandemic. While it is a public health emergency, not all employers
are taking the same steps in how they alter business, leaving uncertainty for
some employees. Here we answer frequent
questions about parental leave for California employees in the midst of the
outbreak
Q. Can I demand to work remotely if I’m afraid of getting
the new coronavirus in the workplace?
A. Under California’s Pregnancy Disability Leave law, if you work for an employer with at least 5 employees, you are entitled to reasonable accommodations for a condition related to pregnancy, childbirth, or a related medical condition. If your health care provider advises that you need to work remotely to protect your health or pregnancy and you can perform the essential functions of your job, your employer will need to grant your request. If you are unable to perform the essential functions of your job remotely, then your employer does not need to accommodate your request but will be required to either temporarily transfer you to a position that will permit you to work remotely for the time you are affected by pregnancy or provide you with a job-protected leave of absence.
Following Governor Newsom’s March 19, 2020 “Stay at Home” Executive Order, many employers are taking steps to facilitate remote work. If your employer already has put measures in place for employees to work from home, you may request the same accommodation if those measures can be applied to your job.
Q. Can I take a leave of absence during my pregnancy if
I’m afraid of getting COVID-19?
A. During the time of COVID-19, pregnant women
may be advised by their doctor to work remotely or, if this is not possible, to
take a leave of absence. If your doctor recommends that you take a leave of
absence because you are disabled by pregnancy, childbirth, or a related medical
condition, you are entitled to up to four months of job-protected leave. If your pregnancy-related disability extends
longer than four months, you may be entitled to more than four months of leave
as a reasonable accommodation.
Q. My doctor placed me on a leave of absence because my
employer would not allow me to work remotely. My employer has now moved
everyone to remote work. Can I begin working again?
A. Yes. If your employer decides to
implement remote work protocols, your employer must reinstate you as soon as reasonable
accommodations are available that will permit you to perform the essential
functions of your job.
Q. If I require a leave of absence for my pregnancy, does
my employer have to pay me?
A. Under ordinary circumstances, if
you are taking leave because you are disabled because of pregnancy or to bond
with your new baby, your employer does not need to pay you while you are on
leave. However, you can use any sick and vacation leave you have accrued.
Additionally, you may be eligible for State Disability Insurance (SDI) and Paid
Family Leave (PFL) during this time, which would provide you with 60 or 70% of
your normal weekly wages. If you are
taking leave under the Pregnancy Disability Leave Law, the New Parent Leave
Act, or the California Family Right Act, then your employer must also maintain
your health benefits.
If you work for an employer with
500 or fewer employees and your health care provider advises you to self-quarantine
during your pregnancy due to concerns about COVID-19 or you are experiencing
symptoms of COVID-19 and are seeking a medical diagnosis, then your employer
may be required to pay you for 10 days for emergency sick leave under The
Families First Coronavirus Response Act.
Q. Can I be laid off while I’m taking disability or
parental leave?
A. Your employer cannot include you
in a layoff if the reason for the layoff is that you are pregnant or taking a
job-protected leave. However, your employer can include you in a layoff or
reduction in force if you would have been laid off even if you weren’t pregnant
or taking leave.
Q. What benefits can I receive if I’m on leave or laid
off?
A. A variety of benefits may
provide partial wage reimbursement if you are laid off during your pregnancy or
taking a job-protected leave of absence. You can apply for these benefits
through California’s Employment
Development Department (EDD). Such partial wage replacement benefits may
include:
Short term disability—during the time you are
disabled because of pregnancy, childbirth, or a related medical condition, you
may be entitled to short term disability benefits.
Paid family leave—if/when you are no longer disabled,
you may be eligible for up to 6 weeks of Paid Family Leave benefits while you bond
with your new baby (8 weeks starting July 1, 2020).
Unemployment Insurance—when you are available to work
but do not have a job to return to, you may be eligible for unemployment
benefits.
Q. My child’s school/daycare closed due to COVID-19. Can
I work from home?
A. There is no law that requires
employers to permit employees to work from home because a child’s school or
daycare has closed. However, the California Labor Code and the The
Families First Coronavirus Response Act require your employer to provide
you with time off of work.
California’s
Family School Partnership Act requires employers with at least 25 employees
to provide you with up to 40 hours of leave for a school or childcare related
emergency. A school related emergency includes the closure or unexpected
unavailability of your child’s school or childcare provider. Unfortunately,
this provision does not apply if your child’s school or daycare remains open
even if you would prefer to keep them home due to concerns of the new coronavirus.
The
Families First Coronavirus Response Act requires employers with 500 or
fewer employees to provide employees with 2 weeks of emergency paid sick leave
and 12 weeks of emergency family leave when workers need to care for their child
under 18 years old if the child’s school or place of care has been closed or when
their childcare provider is unavailable. For the 12 weeks of emergency family leave,
you must have worked for your employer for at least 30 days.
Q. What is a good approach for discussing
my rights with my employer?
A. Be professional and patient without risking your health
or the health of your pregnancy or child. It is important to ask your employer questions
in a professional manner. If your employer doesn’t have immediate answers, give
them the opportunity to obtain accurate information. But never risk your own
health or the health of your pregnancy or child. If your doctor or other health
care provider advises that you require accommodations or a leave of absence
immediately, let your employer know in writing and follow your health care
provider’s advice. If your employer requests a doctor’s note, provide one to
them as soon as it’s feasible.
Benefits and protections available to employees impacted by COVID-19 are evolving and you are encouraged to check with the websites of the Labor and Workforce Development Agency and the Employment Development Department of Californiawebsites for the most updated information regarding your rights as an employee in California and the benefits that may be available to you. Also, visit Legal Aid at Work’s Roadmap and Guide to see how your right to leave and wage replacement work together. You may also contact Sarah Schlehr at sarah@pregnancylawyer.com if you have questions about your rights.
Sarah B. Schlehr is the founder of The Schlehr Law Firm, P.C. Her firm focuses on representing employees who are discriminated against because of pregnancy or for taking a leave of absence. Her firm also represents veterans who have been discriminated against for taking military leave. She is a graduate of Harvard Law School, Brigham Young University, Gerry Spence’s Trial Lawyers College, and the Strauss Institutes’ Program on Mediating the Litigated Case.
社区法律援助机构Legal Aid at Work提供了“如何申请合理工作安排”的指南。在申请合理工作安排时最好的做法就是提供残疾和工作安排要求的书面文件,包括医生证明。如果因医疗系统受损而无法提供这类文件,雇员可向雇主解释或提供可资参考的公共信息,证明合理处所的实际需要。比如说,加州公共卫生局鼓励高危人群“呆在家中”,三藩市公共卫生局则敦促工作人员“尽可能远程通勤”,并“避免接触患病人士”。
加州职业安全局(Division of Occupational Safety and Health – “Cal/OSHA”)提供了为应付COVID-19的有关指引。该指引覆盖大部分行业,包括托儿和医疗,积极鼓励有病患的雇员呆在家里,将有急性呼吸道症状的员工立即回家,做好疫情爆发的反应预案。针对健康护理行业的雇员,指引还强调了培训、操作实践以及个人保护设施的使用等方面。
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA – Congress passed the ‘Families First’ Coronavirus Response Act yesterday, which provides emergency paid sick leave and paid family leave to many employees, but with significant exceptions. This Act goes into effect April 1. The law covers employers with up to 500 employees, but employers with 50 or fewer may seek exceptions from the Department of Labor, and those with 25 or fewer are not obligated to reinstate an employee to their previous position.
Under the Act, employees are entitled to up to two weeks of
emergency paid sick leave and up to twelve weeks of emergency paid family
leave. For emergency paid sick leave, employees must be “unable to work (or
telework) due to a need for leave” because the employee: (1) is subject to a
federal, state, or local quarantine order related to COVID-19, (2) has been
advised by a health care provider to self-quarantine due to concerns related to
COVID-19, (3) is experiencing symptoms of COVID-19 and is seeking medical
diagnosis, (4) caring for an individual subject to quarantine order, or has
been advised to self-quarantine due to concerns related to COVID-19, (5) caring
for a child, if their school or child-care provider has closed due to COVID-19,
or (6) other conditions that the Federal government may specify later.
If taking emergency paid sick leave to care for oneself, the
employee is paid 100% of their full rate of pay, up to $511 per day and $5,110
total. When leave is taken to care for
others or for other qualifying reasons provided under the Act, an employee is
paid two-thirds of their full rate of pay, up to $200 per day and $2,000
total. This leave is in addition to any other
paid leave to which an employee is already entitled to. Employers cannot require that regular sick
leave or paid time off be used before, or instead of, using this emergency sick
leave.
The Act also allows employees
to take up to twelve weeks of emergency family leave. To qualify, an employee must
have worked for their employer for at least 30 calendar days (unlike emergency
paid sick leave, which is available to any employee, regardless of hours of
work or length of service). These workers
can take emergency family leave if they are unable to work (or to telework) due
to a need to care for the employee’s son or daughter under 18 years old if the
child’s school or place of care has been closed, or childcare provider is
unavailable. The closure or
unavailability of childcare must be due to an officially declared COVID-19
public health emergency (by comparison, emergency paid sick leave is available
when the closure or unavailability of childcare is due to COVID-19 precautions).
When an employee is taking
emergency family leave, the first 10 days may be unpaid (generally, the
employee would likely take emergency paid sick leave during this 10-day
period). After 10 days, the employee is entitled to two-third of their regular
rate of pay, capped at $200 per day and $10,000 total.
While the ‘Families First’ Coronavirus Response Act will provide much-needed relief for many working families across the country, millions of workers are left out of the law or are ineligible because of restrictive definitions of family caregiving. California must act now to fill these gaps and ensure that all workers are entitled to job-protected leave and wage replacement benefits to weather the storm of this unprecedented crisis.
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA – Mientras el COVID-19 se difunda, muchos trabajadores están considerando cómo protegerse a sí mismos y a sus familias, mientras se preocupan por su trabajo y sus presupuestos.
La evaluación de lo que los
trabajadores deberían hacer para estar seguros y el papel que podrían
desempeñar para ayudar a frenar la propagación del virus está fuera del alcance
de un artículo sobre derechos legales. Sin embargo, de las recientes
advertencias se confirma que los trabajadores tienen motivos legítimos de
preocupación. Muchas personas quieren escuchar el llamado de los expertos en
salud pública para que se queden en sus hogares por temor al mayor riesgo de
complicaciones graves para las poblaciones vulnerables. Comprender cómo las
leyes actuales pueden protegerlos es una información crítica que deben tener
los trabajadores mientras sopesan estas decisiones importantes y abogan con sus
empleadores por lo que necesitan. Esta publicación proporciona un resumen
general de la situación actual de los trabajadores, teniendo en cuenta que
muchos grupos de defensa, incluida la CELA y su contraparte nacional, NELA,
están presionando al Congreso y a la legislatura de California para ofrecer aún
más protección y ayuda muy necesaria a los trabajadores de California mientras
intentan tomar las mejores decisiones para sí mismo y sus familias. Siga
leyendo para obtener respuestas importantes a las preguntas frecuentes sobre
los derechos de los trabajadores de California en la época de COVID-19.
¿QUÉ SUCEDE SI ME ENFERMO O NECESITO CUIDAR A LA
FAMILIA?
Se ofrece protección por las leyes de licencia medica o licencia por
enfermedad
Los empleados que están
enfermos pueden tomar días de enfermedad pagados si ya los tienen acumulados.
La cantidad de días de enfermedad disponibles depende de las políticas del
empleador, aunque California requiere que los empleadores proporcionen un mínimo
de tres días de licencia por enfermedad pagada por año y algunas ciudades
requieren aún más. Los empleados que trabajan para empleadores que tengan 50 o
más empleados tienen más derechos y pueden ser elegibles para hasta doce
semanas de tiempo fuera del trabajo, sin pago. Los empleados enviados a casa,
pero se les pide que trabajen, deben ser compensados por ese trabajo sin tener
que usar su tiempo acumulado de licencia por enfermedad.
Los empleadores que toman
represalias contra los empleados por tomarse una licencia por enfermedad a la
cual tienen derecho bajo la ley corren
el riesgo de responsabilidad por demandas por despido injustificado. Lo que
está claro es que las cantidades legalmente requeridas de licencia por
enfermedad no son suficientes, especialmente si un trabajador está tratando de
pasar una cuarentena de 14 días o enfrenta incertidumbre con los miembros
vulnerables de su hogar. Los trabajadores frequentemente clasificados
erróneamente como contratistas independientes tienen
los mismos derechos de licencia por enfermedad que los empleados bajo AB 5, aún
si su empleador los llama un “contratista independiente.”
Los empleados clasificados erróneamente pueden presentar reclamos en la corte o
en el Departamento de
Aplicación de Normas Laborales (DLSE).
Para las personas que
trabajan para un empleador que tiene por lo menos 50 empleados dentro de un
radio de 75 millas de su lugar de trabajo, la ley de California exige que los
empleadores otorguen 12 semanas de
licencia laboral protegida cada año bajo la Ley de
Licencia Médica Familiar (FMLA) o la Ley
de Derechos Familiares de California (CFRA) para una “condición
grave de salud” del empleado o un miembro de su familia. Para calificar
para esta licencia, el empleado debe haber trabajado para el empleador durante
al menos un año en total durante su vida y haber trabajado al menos 1,250 horas
en el último año calendario. Por lo tanto, si un empleado o miembro de la
familia contrata COVID-19, es probable que estén protegidos por las leyes de
licencia médica. Estas leyes también pueden proteger a las personas con
sistemas inmunes comprometidos si un médico los retira del trabajo porque ellos
o un miembro de su familia sufre de una afección crónica.
La ley de derechos de los discapacitados de California proporciona
adaptaciones razonables
La ley requiere que los
empleadores consideren ofrecer trabajo desde el hogar o licencias médicas como
una acomodación razonable bajo la Ley
de Vivienda y Empleo Justo de California (FEHA) para las personas
que califican como discapacitadas según la ley. Se requiere un análisis de caso
por caso, pero los empleados con sistemas inmunes comprometidos o con riesgo
médico deben hacer valer sus derechos y solicitar las adaptaciones que
necesitan para mantenerse seguros.
Se requiere que los empleadores de California con al menos 5 empleados
proporcionen adaptaciones razonables, a menos que puedan cumplir con un estándar muy alto para demostrar que el hacerlo
causaría una dificultad excesiva.
Legal Aid at Work tiene una
guía muy útil sobre cómo
solicitar una adaptación razonable. La mejor práctica es
presentar documentación escrita de la discapacidad y la necesidad de la
adaptación, incluida una nota del médico. Si eso no es posible dado el sistema
de salud afectado, los empleados pueden explicar su necesidad de adaptaciones a
su empleador y consultar la información disponible públicamente para justificar
la necesidad de adaptaciones razonables.
El objetivo de las
adaptaciones razonables es mantener al empleado trabajando (y ganando un
cheque). Entonces, la primera posibilidad que hay que considerar es el teletrabajo. El teletrabajo es una acomodación
razonable donde le permite al empleado continuar desempeñando las funciones
esenciales de su trabajo. Para los empleados que pueden trabajar por
computadora, videoconferencia y teléfono, esta es una opción ideal. Los
empleadores pueden rechazar esta acomodación si el permitir que el empleado
tele-trabaje imponga una carga excesiva a las operaciones del empleador.
Si no se
puede realizar un trabajo de forma remota, una adaptación de último recurso es
un permiso de ausencia, lo cual es una
opción según la ley donde “es probable que el permiso sea efectivo para
permitir que el empleado regrese al trabajo al final del permiso, con o sin
adaptaciones razonables adicionales, y no crea dificultades excesivas para el
empleador.”
Los
empleadores no pueden tener políticas generales que rechacen el teletrabajo o
las licencias médicas (o cualquier otro adaptación posible). En cambio, los empleadores deben participar en un
proceso interactivo de buena fe para encontrar una adaptación razonable y
efectiva.
La ley de Californiaprohíbe las represalias contra una persona con una discapacidad, incluso por disciplinarlas, tratarlas de manera diferente a otros trabajadores, o despedirlas. Esta protección se extiende a las personas que el empleador asume o “considera” como una persona con discapacidad. Si bien los empleadores pueden requerir documentación médica de una discapacidad y las limitaciones de los empleados, no pueden obligar a los empleados a revelar una condición de salud o discapacidad específica.
¿QUÉ PASA SI LA ESCUELA DE MI HIJA O HIJO ESTÁ CERRADA
POR CORONAVIRUS?
El permiso de emergencia escolar y los beneficios de
desempleo de California pueden ayudar a algunos trabajadores
Si pierde el
trabajo para cuidar a su hija o hijo después del cierre de su escuela, puede
ser elegible para el seguro de desempleo. El Departamento de Desarrollo de
Empleo está manejando las solicitudes de cierre de escuelas caso por caso, y
está alentando los reclamos de beneficios parciales donde el empleador permite
horas reducidas, pero aún no ha aclarado si los requisitos regulares de estar
disponible para trabajar no se aplicarán cuando el empleador no permita horas
reducidas. Los empleados deben presentar una solicitud de inmediato ya que el período
habitual de espera de 7 días para los beneficios no se aplica debido a
COVID-19. Lea más sobre
esto a continuación.
Además, según
el Código
Laboral de California, los empleadores con 25 o más empleados que trabajan en
el mismo lugar deben permitir que los empleados tomen hasta 40 horas de
licencia por año para atender una emergencia en la guardería o escuela de un
niño. Sin embargo, un empleado aún debe notificar al empleador por adelantado.
ESTOY PERDIENDO SALARIOS. ¿QUÉ AYUDARÁ?
Los trabajadores de California pueden solicitar el reemplazo salarial por discapacidad
y horas reducidas de trabajo
Hay dos programas estatales
disponibles para los empleados que necesitan un reemplazo
salarial para apoyar el distanciamiento social por su salud y seguridad: el Seguro
Estatal de Incapacidad (SDI)
y el Seguro de Desempleo (UI),
ambos administrados por el Departamento de Desarrollo del Empleo (EDD). La Orden
Ejecutiva del Gobernador Newsom renunció al período habitual de
espera de una semana para las personas que están desempleadas y / o
discapacitadas como resultado de COVID-19.
La elegibilidad del Seguro
Estatal de Discapacidad define la discapacidad para incluir cualquier
enfermedad o lesión que impida el trabajo regular o habitual. Los beneficios cubren 60-70 por ciento de
los salarios hasta un máximo de $1,300 por semana durante un máximo de 52 semanas,
y están exentos de impuestos. Un trabajador debe ser incapaz de trabajar
durante al menos ocho días y debe presentar un certificado médico por un
profesional de la salud antes de la emisión de beneficios. Las solicitudes
pueden presentarse dentro de los 49 días de la primera fecha en que tuvieron
que dejar de trabajar debido a una discapacidad.
Si bien el EDD aún no ha
confirmado que las aplicaciones que citan solo vulnerabilidades relacionadas
con la edad serán aprobadas, han confirmado que las personas que no pueden
trabajar debido a “tener o
estar expuestas” a COVID-19, si están certificadas por un
profesional médico, pueden presentar un reclamo de seguro por discapacidad.
Los trabajadores de más edad que se encuentran en una población vulnerable
definida por la edad y que obtienen la certificación médica de su condición
relacionada con la edad como una “enfermedad” también pueden ser elegibles para los beneficios por
discapacidad, aunque todavía no hay una respuesta segura a esta pregunta.
Cuando los médicos u otros proveedores de atención médica completan los
formularios de discapacidad, deberían considerar el uso de “R54,” el
código de Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades para la “debilidad
física relacionada con la edad” cuando no hay una afección más
específica.
El EDD también administra
los beneficios de Permiso Familiar
Pagado (PFL), permitiendo hasta seis semanas de PFL a la tasa SDI a
los californianos que no pueden trabajar porque están cuidando a un familiar
enfermo o en cuarentena con COVID-19, si está certificado por un médico
profesional.
Si un empleador cierra el lugar de trabajo debido a COVID-19 y no paga o
solo paga parcialmente a sus empleados, los trabajadores pueden solicitar el
seguro de desempleo (UI) o, si es elegible, SDI. Los beneficios del seguro de desempleo cubren aproximadamente el 50 por
ciento de los salarios, hasta un máximo de $450 por semana, lo cual si es imponible.
¿QUÉ SUCEDE SI ESTOY EXPUESTO AL COVID-19 EN MI
LUGAR DE TRABAJO?
Programas de prevención de lesiones y enfermedades del empleador y
compensación para trabajadores
En cumplimiento de su
misión de garantizar lugares de trabajo seguros y hacer cumplir los requisitos
para que todos los empleadores tengan un Programa de Prevención de Lesiones y
Enfermedades, Cal / OSHA ha emitido Directrices Provisionales para la industria
general y la protección de los trabajadores de la
salud contra COVID-19. Estas directrices incluyen alentar
activamente a los empleados enfermos a quedarse en casa, enviar a los empleados
con síntomas respiratorios agudos a casa de inmediato, y preparar un plan de
respuesta ante un brote en caso de un brote. La orientación para los
trabajadores de atención médica enfatiza la capacitación, los controles de
prácticas laborales, y el equipo de protección personal.
Los empleadores son
responsables de proporcionar compensación a través del sistema de compensación
del trabajador por lesiones que surjan en el curso del empleo.
Un trabajador lesionado que estuvo expuesto y contrató el COVID-19 en su
trabajo o a través de él puede presentar un reclamo por completar el formulario
DWC1 y enviándolo a
su empleador.
Cualquier exposición en el
lugar de trabajo debe ser un factor importante que contribuya a la lesión de un
empleado. Los empleadores frecuentemente disputan si una lesión está
relacionada con el trabajo. Esas disputas generalmente son resueltas por la Mesa
de Apelaciones de Compensación del Trabajador con base en el informe médico de
un médico forense calificado por panel designado por la División de
Compensación del Trabajador, probablemente un especialista en inmunología o
medicina interna.
Si se aprueba el reclamo,
los beneficios incluyen el reemplazo de salario por incapacidad temporal,
atención médica, y compensación por incapacidad permanente. Desafortunadamente,
los contratistas independientes erróneamente que realmente son empleados bajo
la nueva “prueba
ABC” de AB 5 (2019) no son elegibles para la compensación del
trabajador hasta el 1 de julio de 2020.
Se necesitan más protecciones durante esta
emergencia de salud pública
Se necesitan protecciones
adicionales durante esta emergencia de salud pública. El gobernador de
California, Gavin Newsom, miembros de la Legislatura de California, y el
Congreso de los Estados Unidos han anunciado planes para introducir legislación
que pueda proteger a los trabajadores sujetos a una orden de aislamiento o
cuarentena por parte de un funcionario de salud contra la discriminación o las
represalias. La Cámara de Representantes aprobó un paquete
de ayuda federal pendiente que extendería hasta tres meses de
licencia familiar remunerada por cuarentena (incluida la auto-cuarentena) y
cuidado de niños debido a la emergencia de salud pública, 14 días adicionales
de licencia por enfermedad remunerada para todos trabajadores estadounidenses
durante una emergencia de salud pública, además de 8.67 días acumulados por
año. El paquete también requeriría que los Estados alivien los requisitos de
IU. Sin embargo, el Senado aún no ha tomado medidas sobre esta propuesta de
ley. Estén atentos a esta publicación para actualizaciones continuas.
Andy Katz is the principal of Law Offices of Andy Katz, fighting for workers' rights, consumers, and environmental protection. His law practice focuses on workplace discrimination and retaliation, wage theft, workers’ compensation, and health and disability insurance denials. He previously advocated for public health issues before the California legislature. He is a member of the California Employment Lawyers Association (CELA).
Web: www.andykatzlaw.com
This Mother’s Day, let’s give moms the gift of job-security for the time they take away from work to bond with their new babies. Just last month, Governor Brown signed into law a bill that would boost Paid Family Leave benefits for parents who take baby bonding leave, but nearly half of all California workers could still be fired for taking the leave and accessing those benefits. Under current law, job-protection for baby bonding leave is only available to parents who work for large companies with 50 or more employees, leaving out over forty percent of the workforce in California.
A legislative proposal currently underway in California, Senate Bill 1166, by Senator Hannah-Beth Jackson, would help ensure more mothers can go back to their jobs after taking up to 12 weeks of baby bonding leave, by extending job-protection to parents who work for smaller companies. The reality is, almost half of the workforce is now women and mothers and fathers are sharing in financial and childcare responsibilities. Without job-protection for new parents, mothers are usually the ones who are forced out of the job market when they would otherwise choose to return after an extended period of leave.
Many other states have already expanded their family leave laws to provide more parents with job-protection when out on leave. Most recently, New York signed a bill that provided paid family leave benefits with job protection for nearly all workers in the state, regardless of the size of their employer. In Washington DC, all employees have 16 weeks of job-protected leave. In Maine, workers at companies with 15 or more employees have 10 weeks of job-protected leave; Massachusetts provides 8 weeks of job-protected leave for workers at companies with 6 or more employees; Minnesota offers 6 weeks of job-protected leave for workers at companies with 21 or employees; and Oregon provides 12 weeks of job-protected leave for workers at companies with 25 or more employees.
Opponents of SB 1166 argue that the proposed measure would “kill jobs” and “unduly burdens and increases costs of small employers.” These fear-based, sky-will-fall arguments have no basis. In 2004, the National Federation of Independent Business conducted a poll of small businesses that contradicts the “undue burden” narrative. The average number of requests for leave is only one per year. Two-thirds of the small businesses did not receive a request for leave at all in the prior three years. When asked about the principal problem caused by the employee’s absence, the most frequent response was “no real problems.” A 2012 national survey of employers conducted by the Department of Labor also found that small employers were less likely to report problems with family leave than were large employers and that fewer than 10 percent of employers reported problems with productivity, absenteeism, turnover, profitability, career advancement, or morale because of family leave.
At last month’s bill signing ceremony raising California’s minimum wage, President pro Tem Kevin de León said, “When it comes to taking care of working families, mark my words, California leads the nation…the rest of the country looks toward California for leadership on this issue.” It’s time for California to make good on its promise to working families – to provide not just higher paid leave benefits, but an assurance that their job will be there when they need it the most.
In addition to signing your Mother’s Day cards today, please sign this petition in support of SB 1166, because no mother in this state should have to choose between caring for a child and keeping a job.
What do the United States and Papua New Guinea have in common? According to the United Nations, they are the only countries in the world without any sort of paid time off for new mothers.
In the Mother’s Day edition of his HBO show “Last Week Tonight,” John Oliver, the British comedian who is perpetually incredulous over most things American, juxtaposed the maudlin, corporate exploitation of the holiday with the grim economic realities facing working mothers in this country. But Oliver noted a tiny bright spot. Three states, California, Rhode Island and New Jersey, have some sort of limited paid leave for new mothers.
California’s paid family leave program is modest. Payments are only partial and a worker can be fired for taking paid family leave unless they are also eligible for job protection under the California Family Rights Act (“CFRA”). Yet, only workers at companies with 50 or more employees and who have been on the job for at least a year are covered under CFRA. Accordingly, only about half of California employees can actually take advantage of the paid family leave program.
That may be about to change. Senate Bill 406, currently pending before the California Legislature, would expand the job-protection coverage of the paid family leave program to include smaller companies of 25 or more employees. It would also expand the definition of family member for whom a worker can take job-protected leave to care for to reflect the realities of modern families, by including grandparents, grandchildren, siblings, and adult children.
Even this modest expansion of the paid leave program has drawn the garment-rending wailing of the Chamber of Commerce, who predictably labeled it a “job killer.” In the Mother’s Day clip, Oliver mocked the overwrought rhetoric and overblown fears of Congressional opponents of the unpaid Family Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”) in 1992: “Our businesses shall crumble, or cities shall burn and hungry wolves will roam the streets.”
In reality, a 2012 Department of Labor survey showed only 15% of employers reporting any significant difficulty in complying with the FMLA. There were no reports of hungry wolves. A similar study conducted ten years after the enactment of California’s Paid Family Leave Act found that 90% of California employers considered the Act to have a positive or neutral effect on productivity, profit, morale and costs.
Progress in protecting the economic security of families seems to happen only incrementally. The expansion of California’s paid leave program reflected in SB 406 is a great next step. Let’s leave Papua New Guinea in the dust!
Curt Surls has been practicing in Los Angeles, specializing in employment law, for almost 25 years. Mr. Surls is a Fellow of the American Bar Foundation, a non-profit professional association honoring lawyers whose careers have demonstrated dedication to the welfare of the community and the traditions of the profession. Prior to opening the Law Office of Curt Surls in July 2012, he was a partner with Bornn & Surls for over 15 years. Mr. Surls was also an attorney with the Oakland civil rights firm then known as Saperstein, Seligman & Mayeda, specializing in employment and civil rights class actions. Mr. Surls also worked for the Department of Industrial Relations and the Legal Aid Foundation of Los Angeles.
International Women’s Day, celebrated worldwide this past weekend, started out as “International Working Women’s Day” in 1911. One week later, the notorious Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire of 1911 broke out, killing over 140 workers – mostly women – who were trapped inside the factory. The horror of that fire and the working conditions imposed on the women locked inside the factory galvanized the labor movement and the women’s rights movement. Even though the name may have changed, this annual day honoring women is the perfect time to take account of the barriers working women still face today.
Working women in the United States confront challenges ranging from workplace discrimination and harassment to unequal pay and inadequate leaves of absences. The 2014 Shriver Report: A Woman’s Nation Pushes Back from the Brink collects essays that detail how these barriers impact not only working women, but their families, the economy and society as a whole.
Discrimination and harassment – Women continue to face unlawful discrimination and harassment on the job based on sex, pregnancy, gender identity, sexual orientation, race, national origin, disability, and many other characteristics. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the agency that enforces our federal civil rights laws published its statistics for charges filed in Fiscal Year 2013. Charges of sex discrimination constituted approximately 30% of the charges filed with the EEOC. The California Department of Fair Employment and Housing, the state agency that enforces our state civil rights laws published its statistics for 2012. This data showed that sexual harassment charges were approximately 60% of the charges filed regarding sex discrimination and harassment. These statistics demonstrate that employment discrimination and harassment continue as serious problems for working women.
On the legislative front of women’s rights issues at the federal level, the Pregnant Workers Fairness Act would strengthen the protections for working pregnant women. We also need the protections of the Employment Non-Discrimination Act, which would prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity across the country. But these laws must also be enforced, which means vigilant leadership and restoration of the funding cuts that have undermined the California and federal agencies charged with civil rights enforcement.
Gender-Based Wage Gap – Despite the fact that gender-based pay discrimination has been against the law for over 50 years, women in the United States still face a significant wage gap. Recently, there has been little progress in closing the gap in wages between women and men. As of 2012, women’s median earnings were 81% of men’s. And the wage gap is worse for women of color. Because women are breadwinners for their families, the impact of wage discrimination is felt across the board. The Paycheck Fairness Act, pending in Congress, would help fight gender-based pay discrimination
Leaves of Absence – Women are still the primary caregivers in the U.S. and they also often must take time off work for pregnancy and childbirth. Yet the U.S. lags behind nearly every other country in the industrialized world in terms of how much leave it provides for caregiving, pregnancy and childbirth. The federal Family and Medical Leave Act provides for job-protected leaves of absence for caregiving as well as for pregnancy and bonding leave. However, the FMLA is unpaid leave and many workers cannot afford to take unpaid leave. The FMLA also provides no protection for those workers at companies with fewer than 50 employees at or near their worksite, those who have worked for the employer for less than a year, and many who work part-time. Additionally FMLA takes a narrow view of what it means to be a family member, drawing a tight boundary around the nuclear family– parent, child, and spouse. Grandparents, siblings and other extended family are not included.
The California Paid Family Leave Law, the first of its kind in the country, provides partial wage replacement to workers who take time off to care for family members or bond with a new child. As of July 2014, California workers will be able to take paid family leave for a broader group of family members that will include grandparents and grandchildren, siblings, and parents-in-law.
Some federal legislators are already taking the cue from California with a pending bill in Congress to provide paid leave nationally. They should keep up the momentum and improve the FMLA to extend coverage to more workers and to widen the circle of who is considered “family.”
The United Nations’ theme for this year’s International Women’s Day is “Equality for Women is Progress for All.” The global gender gap index shows a strong correlation between a country’s gender gap and its economic competitiveness. Given the fact that women are at least half of the potential workforce, a nation’s economic competitiveness depends on how it treats women. Improving the lives of working women will enhance progress for all working families and our national economy. When that happens, we will all be able to proclaim “Happy International Women’s Day”!
Elizabeth Kristen is the Director of the Gender Equity & LGBT Rights Program and a senior staff attorney at Legal Aid at Work. Ms. Kristen began her public interest career as a Skadden Fellow at Legal Aid. Ms. Kristen graduated from University of California at Berkeley School of Law in 2001 and served as a law clerk to the Honorable James R. Browning on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco. In 2012-13, she served as a Harvard law School Wasserstein Public Interest Fellow. She has been a lecturer at Berkeley Law School since 2008. Legal Aid at Work together with the California Women’s Law Center and Equal Rights Advocates make up the California Fair Pay Collaborative dedicated to engaging and informing Californians about fair pay issues.